ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Pyrochlore</title>

</head>

Pyrochlore

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Pyrochlore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Pyrochlore from Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">Oxide mineral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>(Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pcl<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.DH.15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">08.02.01.01 Pyrochlore group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">Isometric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexoctahedral (m3m) <a href="H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (4/m 3 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fd3m (No. 227)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 10.41(6) Å, Z = 8</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Black to brown, chocolate-brown, reddish brown, amber-orange, red-orange</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Typically octahedra, disseminated granular, massive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 rare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 indistinct, may be a parting.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subconchoidal to uneven, splintery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">5.0–5.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to resinous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Subtranslucent to opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.45 to 4.90</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Isotropic, weak anomalous anisotropism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n = 1.9–2.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">Radioactive</a>, often <a href="Metamict" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamict">metamict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-webmin-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Pyrochlore (<a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>,<a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>)2<a href="Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>2<a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a>6(<a href="Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH</a>,<a href="Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>) is a mineral group of the <a href="Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> end member of the pyrochlore supergroup. Pyrochlore is also a term for the crystal structure <a href="Cubic_crystal_system#Crystal_classes" title="Cubic crystal system">Fd3m</a>. The name is from the <a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> πῦρ, fire, and χλωρός, green because it typically turns green on ignition in classic blowpipe analysis.<a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineral">Mineral</h2></div>

The general formula, A2B2O7 (where A and B are metals), represent a family of phases isostructural to the mineral pyrochlore. Pyrochlores are an important class of materials in diverse technological applications such as luminescence, ionic conductivity, nuclear waste immobilization, high-temperature thermal barrier coatings, automobile <a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> control, catalysts, solid oxide fuel cell, ionic/electrical conductors etc.

The mineral is associated with the <a href="Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatic</a> end stages of magmatic intrusions. Pyrochlore crystals are usually well-formed (euhedral), occurring usually as <a href="Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedra</a> of a yellowish or brownish color and <a href="Resin" title="Resin">resinous</a> luster. It is commonly <a href="Metamict" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamict">metamict</a> due to radiation damage from included radioactive elements.

Pyrochlore occurs in <a href="Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatites</a> associated with <a href="Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">nepheline syenites</a> and other alkalic rocks. It is also found in <a href="Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> pegmatites and <a href="Greisen" title="Greisen">greisens</a>. It is characteristically found in <a href="Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>. Associated minerals include <a href="Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="Aegirine" title="Aegirine">aegirine</a>, <a href="Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskite</a> and <a href="Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in Stavern (Fredriksvärn), <a href="Larvik" title="Larvik">Larvik</a>, Vestfold, Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Mindat-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niobium_mining">Niobium mining</h3></div>

The three largest producers of niobium ore are mining pyrochlore deposits. The largest deposit in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is the CBMM mine located south of <a href="Arax%C3%A1" title="Araxá">Araxá</a>, Minas Gerais, followed by the deposit of the Catalão mine east of <a href="Catal%C3%A3o" title="Catalão">Catalão</a>, Goiás. The third largest deposit of niobium ore is Niobec mine west of <a href="Saint-Honor%C3%A9%2C_Quebec" title="Saint-Honoré, Quebec">Saint-Honoré</a> near <a href="Chicoutimi" title="Chicoutimi">Chicoutimi</a>, Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-tesla-6">[6]</a>

Pyrochlore ore typically contains greater than 0.05% of naturally occurring radioactive <a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<a href="Lueshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lueshe">Lueshe</a> in <a href="North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, Democratic Republic of Congo, has substantial deposits of pyrochlore.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h2></div>

The more general crystal structure describes materials of the type A2B2O6 and A2B2O7 where the A and B species are generally rare-earth or transition metal species; e.g. Y2Ti2O7.The pyrochlore structure is a super structure derivative of the simple <a href="Fluorite_structure" title="Fluorite structure">fluorite structure</a> (AO2 = A4O8), where the A and B cations are ordered along the ⟨110⟩ direction. The additional anion vacancy resides in the tetrahedral interstice between adjacent B-site cations. These systems are particularly susceptible to <a href="Geometrical_frustration" title="Geometrical frustration">geometrical frustration</a> and novel magnetic effects.

The pyrochlore structure shows varied physical properties spanning electronic <a href="Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a> (e.g. La2Zr2O7), <a href="Ionic_conductivity_(solid_state)" title="Ionic conductivity (solid state)">ionic conductors</a> (Gd1.9Ca0.1Ti2O6.9), <a href="Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">metallic conductors</a> (Bi2Ru2O7−y), mixed ionic and electronic conductors, <a href="Spin_ice" title="Spin ice">spin ice</a> systems (Dy2Ti2O7), <a href="Spin_glass" title="Spin glass">spin glass</a> systems (Y2Mo2O7), haldane chain systems (Tl2Ru2O7) and <a href="Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting materials</a> (Cd2Re2O7).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> More disordered structures, such as the bismuth pyrochlores,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> have also been investigated due to interesting high-frequency dielectric properties.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

The crystal structure has been investigated for use in solid electrolytes for <a href="Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium iron batteries</a>. It is alleged to provide high conductivity while inhibiting dendrite growth.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1290876196">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyrochlore" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pyrochlore">Pyrochlore</a>.</div></div>

</div> </div></div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=de&mineral=Pyrochlor">"Pyrochlor"</a>. www.mineralienatlas.de.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Handbook-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/pyrochlore.pdf">"pyrochlore at RRuff database"</a> (PDF). rruff.info. Retrieved 2015-02-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mindat-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_4-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-3316.html">"Pyrochlore Group: Pyrochlore Group mineral information and data"</a>. mindat.org. Retrieved 2015-02-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-webmin-5"><a href="#cite_ref-webmin_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarthelmy" class="citation web cs1">Barthelmy, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Pyrochlore.shtml#.VNGZoUejO-0">"Pyrochlore Mineral Data"</a>. webmineral.com. Retrieved 2015-02-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tesla-6"><a href="#cite_ref-tesla_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKouptsidisPetersProchSinger" class="citation web cs1">Kouptsidis, J.; Peters, F.; Proch, D.; Singer, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100548/http://tesla.desy.de/new_pages/TESLA_Reports/2001/pdf_files/tesla2001-27.pdf">"Niob für TESLA"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesla.desy.de/new_pages/TESLA_Reports/2001/pdf_files/tesla2001-27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-09-02.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDias_da_CunhaSantosZouainCarneiro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dias da Cunha, K.; Santos, M.; Zouain, F.; Carneiro, L.; Pitassi, G.; Lima, C.; Barros Leite, C. V.; Dália, K. C. P. (May 8, 2009). "Dissolution Factors of Ta, Th, and U Oxides Present in Pyrochlore". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 205 (1–4): 251–257. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11270-009-0071-3">10.1007/s11270-009-0071-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-6979">0049-6979</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93478456">93478456</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/181/33658.html">"Blood Minerals in the Kivu Provinces"</a>. www.globalpolicy.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSubramanianAravamudanSubba_Rao1983" class="citation journal cs1">Subramanian, M. A.; Aravamudan, G.; Subba Rao, G. V. (1983-01-01). "Oxide pyrochlores — A review". Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 15 (2): 55–143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-6786%2883%2990001-8">10.1016/0079-6786(83)90001-8</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Arenas, D. J., et al. "Raman study of phonon modes in bismuth pyrochlores." Physical Review B 82.21 (2010): 214302. | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.214302">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.214302</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Cann, David P., <a href="Clive_Randall" title="Clive Randall">Clive A. Randall</a>, and Thomas R. Shrout. "Investigation of the dielectric properties of bismuth pyrochlores." Solid state communications 100.7 (1996): 529–534. | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(96)00012-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(96)00012-9</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEttlin2023" class="citation web cs1">Ettlin, Anna (2023-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2023/11/07/what-is-the-battery-of-the-future-made-of/">"What Is The Battery Of The Future Made Of?"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2023-11-15.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFQueirozAndrade2022" class="citation journal cs1">Queiroz, A. A. A. E.; Andrade, M. B. (2022). "Prospection of pyrochlore and microlite mineral groups through Raman spectroscopy coupled with artificial neural networks". Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 53 (11): 1924–1930. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JRSp...53.1924E">2022JRSp...53.1924E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjrs.6433">10.1002/jrs.6433</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251463725">251463725</a>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pyrochlore&oldid=1241906831">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>